title: The Long Journey to cgit
date: 2020-05-31
author: Wynn Wolf Arbor
As more and more FOSS projects leave the confines of dusty arcane
mailing lists or thrice-cursed Bugzilla instances for the seemingly
green pastures of the likes of GitHub or GitLab, there has been an ever
greater need as a proactive user to engage and deal with these
platforms. And, to be perfectly frank, the general experience sucks!
Their search interfaces especially leave a lot of things to be desired.
Usually I end up capitulating after a minute, clone the whole repository
instead, and fire up [`rg(1)`](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep).
Why struggle to perform a task in your browser if you have tools that
have been perfected for it right in your terminal?
<figure>
<img class="round" src="img/oh-no-github-search.png" alt="GitHub's search bar"/>
<figcaption>The most dreaded place in all of GitHub.</figcaption>
</figure>
Another aspect GitHub has been working on is its review interface. From
my personal experience, patch reviews have been perfected on mailing
lists like `git@vger.kernel.org`, where people discuss proposed patches
by replying to them with in-line comments. After this review phase, an
improved version of the patch is sent in, and another review phase
begins, until there are no more points to discuss, and the patch is
either accepted or deferred.
It took GitHub a very long time to achieve relative feature-parity with
patch reviews by mail. Now, the review interface exists and it works,
but it is very crowded and needlessly convoluted. Finding old versions
of a specific pull-request could be a lot nicer, as could be comparing
subsequent versions to the original. Just about the best feature of
having all this readily available in your browser is the ability to
easily reference other bug reports, leading to improved inter-project
communication. Of course a good mail archive frontend would solve this
problem for mailing lists too.
Regarding repository landing pages, I feel that a Git web interface
should show the state of the Git repository, not introduce me to a
project. Chances are I've discovered a project's repository through its
website or project page, which hopefully already achieved the
introductory part. Once I've found the repository, I'm ready to look at
the code or browse a few commits; I don't want to waste time reading a
(possibly slightly different) project outline.
I want a system that augments my already existing CLI workflow in a
practical way - something that enhances the experience in certain ways,
and doesn't completely recontextualize it. Which brings me to the
present state... and a question.
## The status quo
I have been hosting my Git repositories on my dedicated server for more
than half a decade now, using a very simple (but effective) system:
1) Initialize a bare Git repository in a well-known directory
2) Tweak directory permissions (`0700` if it's private)
3) Enable the default `post-update` hook that runs
`git-update-server-info(1)`
4) Push my work to the server via `ssh(1)`
Together with any old web server that can serve static files and a few
symbolic links in the right places, this setup enables most (if not all)
of what I need from a Git hosting platform. I can push and pull my work
using `ssh(1)`, and the few public repositories I have are accessible
via pull-only HTTPS using Git's "dumb protocol".
I can even collaborate directly with other users on my server by
allowing specific people write access to the bare repositories. No `git`
user or group needed - just good old POSIX Access Control Lists. And for
people without a shell account on my server (the vast majority as it
turns out) there still was the possibility of using
[git-send-email(1)](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-send-email) to
contribute, of course[^1].
## No web interface?
Over the last decade or so one thing has become very apparent:
fully-featured and well-integrated collaborative platforms for
development are there to stay, and users' expectations have risen with
them. Given these expectations, I've been asked more than a couple of
times recently why I do not have a Git web interface for my projects.
The answer's always been the same, **"why browse a repository with
anything other than CLI tooling?"**, but the question stuck with me...
It was trivial to find out why I didn't set up a web interface
initially, back when I set up the system I described above: I simply did
not need one. This was a deliberate decision as I had recently migrated
away from GitHub, which, back then, already contained most of the
interactive web components it has now. My projects did not see a great
deal of external activity, there were next to no bug reports, and most
of the projects were too small to warrant integration into GitHub's
whole feature set. They were frequently starred[^2], but it did not seem
that activity would pick up any time soon.
*A web interface therefore was not even part of the equation.*
## Yes web interface!
These days, the question is harder to answer as I admittedly very much
recognize the ease of use and comfort of using a web interface to give a
project only a cursory glance, link a patch on IRC, or do a quick and
dirty blame on some broken code. As repository size decreases,
explorability on decent web interfaces increases, and, for the smallest
projects, a good web frontend can arguably fully replace `git-clone(1)`.
So, do I need a web interface? *No, not really.* Do I want one? *I think
so.* Given a decent enough candidate, I am confident that it will provide
features other people find useful. Perhaps it will also boost visibility
of what I am working on, and give me a nice stage on which to present
projects still lacking their own post on this site. Plus, it is
something to keep me occupied for a few days as I go about setting it
up.
About I month back I set out to compile a full list of requirements:
- Self-hosted, without depending on popular containerized deployments
- A minimal and well-designed user interface
- No misguided social networking features (GitHub stars, I am looking at you)
- Active development, good documentation
- Easy integration with my preferred web server, [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/)
- Light on dependencies: no Ruby, no Perl, no PHP
- Not strictly necessary, but a bonus: no JavaScript
## Searching for candidates
The search was on. I quickly found a very helpful
[list](https://git.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Interfaces,_frontends,_and_tools#Web_Interfaces)
and started digging through it...
### klaus
First up, [klaus](https://github.com/jonashaag/klaus). The
[demo](http://klausdemo.lophus.org/klaus/) looks promising enough,
except for the fact that one of the badges gets blocked by the
`X-Frame-Options` policy, but that is not relevant to the project
itself. It is built with Python, making hosting relatively easy with my
server setup, and also does not contain any features beyond simple
repository browsing.
My issues come with the overall design. I just... don't like the way it
looks. Lots of the core elements are very blocky, positioned too close
together, and not contrasted enough. The diffs themselves look good,
but the commit messages suffer from the same blocky and grey fate,
drowning in the big wall of text below.
The design of the summary page feels strange to me as well, with most of
the page taken over by the rendered `README` file and no quick way to
see the last few commits other than scrolling all the way down. All of
this would need a great deal of work to fix, more than I am willing to
commit to right now.
### sorcia
[sorcia](https://git.mysticmode.org/r/sorcia) is a relatively new
frontend written in Go. It's still in alpha, and the "federation" part
seems to be missing entirely, but is very pleasing to look at and use
already. The [homepage](https://sorcia.org/) has the following to say:
> Initially I've started building this project for myself as I've grown
> kinda frustrated with the noisy interface that I've been noticing on
> Github or other similar softwares. I started my career as a UI
> designer and then moved on to web programming, so I thought I could
> build and design something that would only have the necessary features
> which I need in order to host and develop my projects.
Sounds like what I am looking for. Sadly, a cursory look at the
installation guide reveals a bit of a snag. For now, sorcia seems to use
its own SSH server, and cannot be integrated to use an already running
one. Bummer.
Additionally, without JavaScript,
[some](https://git.mysticmode.org/r/sorcia/tree/master/config/app.ini.sample)
[things](https://git.mysticmode.org/r/sorcia/commit/master/96d462d33ee80853bb29bfddf6c910675708fa52)
are not as nice yet as they could be. Picking this as a long-time
solution right now is definitely a no-go. Maybe very well worth a look
in year or so - if the project is still around by then. That said, I
definitely appreciate the effort to create a nice user experience.
### Gogs & Gitea
Now on to the big ones, the behemoths of self-hosted Git services: Gogs,
and its more or less recent fork Gitea. I'll focus on the latter only,
seeing as the user experience is largely the same.
Gitea fulfills most of the requirements, with one huge caveat: The
interface and features set is meant to match GitHub's or GitLab's. I
will not only get a Git browser, but also an issue tracker, support for
pull requests, a full-fledged wiki system, an activity tab, and the
ability to watch repositories, star, and fork them.
<figure>
<img src="img/gitea-unnecessary.png" alt="The Gitea
navigation."/>
<figcaption>The Gitea navigation with unnecessary functionality
highlighted in red.</figcaption>
</figure>
Gitea's not meant to have one instance per user, it's meant to have one
instance per company or community. And that community better be big!
This puts me in a weird position where I am forced to go all in, but get
nothing in return: If I were to consider enabling the issue tracker
properly, I would also have to open up registrations; that means
enabling authentication, allowing outbound mail, and fighting spam. All
for the end result of people not wanting to register with yet another
random instance on the internet.
On the other hand, if I disable[^3] all the features I do not need, the
10% that remains of the whole of Gitea is not even that great. Barely
worth putting in the effort of going through its one thousand line
[sample configuration](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/master/custom/conf/app.ini.sample)
file.
### cgit
[cgit](https://git.zx2c4.com/cgit/about/) is probably one of the oldest
web frontends for Git, next to [gitweb](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitweb)
(which comes bundled with Git itself.) As such, it is one of the most
mature interfaces out there. Written entirely in C, the list of
dependencies is expectedly short: cgit pulls in a tagged release of Git
in the build stage, but other than that only depends[^4] on zlib.
cgit is a Git web browser **only**, but has a bit of a different
approach compared to klaus and sorcia. While the latter two put more
emphasis on project presentation and present a fully-rendered `README`
file first and foremost, cgit focuses more on giving the user a
summarized view of their repository - showing a selection of the latest
active branches, tags, and commits.
<figure>
<img src="img/cgit-log.png" alt="The commit log in
cgit."/>
<figcaption>The commit log on cgit's summary page.</figcaption>
</figure>
In that regard, cgit might scare off users who are unfamiliar with git
internals, but for me this is a welcome change. I can quickly scan
through the summary view and find out what has been worked on recently,
all without having to click through to another page. Of course cgit also
supports markdown or manpage rendering, but it's only a secondary
concern.
All in all, I liked cgit the most and set out to deploy it. But things
are never this easy...
## Not-so Common Gateway Interface
There is an item on my list of requirements that calls for easy
integration with Caddy, a web server I've been using for a couple of
years now. Nowadays, most web applications actually run an HTTP server
themselves and can easily be set up with Caddy acting as a reverse
proxy. cgit, however, as the subtle name might reveal, runs via
[CGI](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875), an ancient interface that
relies on the web server executing the application for every incoming
request.
This is a problem because Caddy does not natively support CGI. While
there exists an abandoned
[plugin](https://github.com/jung-kurt/caddy-cgi) for Caddy 1, the
recently released Caddy 2.0 does not share the same plugin interface and
lacks CGI support completely. I deem it unlikely that it will ever get
it.
Thankfully, both versions support FastCGI, an attempt to overcome the
overhead of launching a process for every single request (most CGI
applications are actually scripts run by interpreters, so this overhead
can become quite noticable.) But how does one plug a CGI application
into a FastCGI interface?
The answer is to use a FastCGI wrapper, a long-running process that acts
as a bridge between the web server and the CGI application. Problem is
that there are not many good ones around that are still maintained. All
I could find after a few hours of search was a cursed Perl script, and
an implementation in C that was more than 8 years old. **Yikes.**
## slowcgi(8) to the rescue
A look on the OpenBSD side of things, though, revealed something very
promising: [`slowcgi(8)`](https://man.openbsd.org/slowcgi.8). The
OpenBSD project is never really vocal about any of its programs, so this
slipped through the cracks easily - even though it's been a part of the
operating system since version 5.4, released seven years ago.
slowcgi clocks in at around 1300 lines of C, is actively
maintained, simple, secure by default[^5], and seemed very easy to port
to Linux. In fact, it's been ported
[already](https://github.com/adaugherity/slowcgi-portable) by someone
else, but that version hasn't seen any updates in about a year now - so
I decided to roll my own thing (and will keep maintaining it for the
time being). Instead of pulling in
[libbsd](https://libbsd.freedesktop.org/wiki/), I decided to just copy
in the required parts of the OpenBSD source. In the future I might
migrate over to using Kristap's excellent
[oconfigure](https://github.com/kristapsdz/oconfigure).
Once ported, slowcgi works right out of the box. By default it uses
a chroot to keep CGI applications jailed under a specific root
directory, and runs as a separate `www` user. A chroot for cgit is
technically not needed, but comes highly recommended. Even if it means
having to set up the entire chroot tree with cgit's runtime
dependencies, defense in depth is important and makes the setup more
secure and safe in the long run.
## Putting everything together
With slowcgi up and running, there's only the matter of putting
together all the pieces: Caddy needs to be set up to talk to the
slowcgi instance controlling cgit, and the chroot needs to be set
up properly. At this stage, considerations for backwards compatibility
come into play also. Particularly, I did not want to have to move the
already existing repositories to a new location. Everything that worked
before should continue to work like before.
Since cgit will exist in a chroot, I cannot use symbolic links to any
paths outside of it. Putting cgit into the same directory tree as the
repositories seemed suboptimal also, as I want to keep the web interface
and the actual Git data fully independent of each other for more
flexibility in the future.
### The general framework
I found my solution in a feature called "bind mounts". People who have
needed to `chroot(1)` into a Linux installation from a Live CD might be
familiar with this - to give the installation access to devices mapped
by the host running from the CD, the whole `/dev` directory is bound
onto something like `/mnt/dev`. Thus, the same files are accessible
through multiple distinct mount points, with one of those contained
within the chroot.
This is the same concept I used in
[`skein(7)`](https://git.oriole.systems/skein/about/skein.7), a small
framework facilitating a flexible and modular approach to multi-user
cgit hosting. Given a simple directory structure, a helper script sets
up all necessary devices[^6] and bind mounts for every user wanting to
give the cgit CGI application access to their repositories. If there is
a need to have multiple cgit hosts set up, this framework also allows
fine-grained control over which repositories show up on which host. This
way, users on my server who would like to opt in to having a cgit
frontend can freely determine how it is set up.
The following is part of the `skein(7)` framework, showing my home
directory in the cgit chroot. Symbolic links in each instance's `repos/`
directory point to the actual Git repositories under the `repos.avail`
bind mount.
```
wolf
├── instances
│ └── git.oriole.systems
│ ├── config
│ ├── repos
│ │ ├── slowcgi.git@ -> ../../../repos.avail/slowcgi.git
│ │ └── [...]
│ └── site
│ ├── cgit.css
│ ├── custom.css
│ ├── favicon.svg
│ ├── logo.svg
│ └── robots.txt
└── repos.avail
```
As for cgit's runtime dependencies... I've decided to keep these to an
absolute minimum and use only statically compiled binaries to reduce the
amount of work needed to maintain the chroot setup. Whilst this means
that cgit will **not** have access to a shell (or, for that matter, a
Python interpreter), a very decent chunk of its filter capabilities can
still be used in conjunction with the wonderful
[lowdown](https://kristaps.bsd.lv/lowdown/) and
[mandoc](https://mandoc.bsd.lv/) projects and a tiny custom C
[program](https://git.oriole.systems/skein/tree/cgit-about-filter.c)
invoking them.
Finally, the directives needed for Caddy are as simple as:
```
git.oriole.systems {
import shared
root /srv/cgit/home/wolf/instances/git.oriole.systems/site/
fastcgi / /run/slowcgi.cgit.sock {
env SCRIPT_FILENAME /bin/cgit
env CGIT_CONFIG /home/wolf/instances/git.oriole.systems/config
except /cgit.css /custom.css /logo.svg /favicon.svg /robots.txt
}
}
```
### Configuring cgit
All that remains now is configuring cgit itself to work with this
framework. There's not much to be done in that regard, it simply needs
to be pointed to my custom
[`cgit-about-filter`](https://git.oriole.systems/skein/tree/cgit-about-filter.c)
program, and the repository location within the chroot:
```
about-filter=/bin/cgit-about-filter
scan-path=/home/wolf/instances/git.oriole.systems/repos
```
For projects with a `README` file formatted in markdown, `lowdown(1)`
will take care of HTML conversion. Manuals are formatted by `mandoc(1)`.
Given the lack of a Python interpreter there is no syntax highlighting,
but I find excessive syntax highlighting unappealing anyway. A couple
more changes to cgit's default `cgit.css`... and we're done!
## git.oriole.systems
Finally, after about a week's worth of research, experimentation, and
setup work, my new Git web interface is finally online under
[git.oriole.systems](https://git.oriole.systems)! A great deal of
care has gone into setting it up *just right*, and I dearly hope this
will be useful for people, enjoyable to use, and interesting to just
browse around in.
### Future work
A few things remain to be done in the next few weeks and months. For
one, I'll have to look at changing my `Caddyfile` to be compatible with
the recent release of Caddy 2, before I fully switch over to it. That
means having to relearn most of what Caddy does, and may be a bit
time-consuming. Of course I'll also have to remain backwards compatible
with all the things I have already set up.
There's a few things to be done on the Git web interface front, too:
Right now I still serve Git repositories using the ["Dumb
HTTP"](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols#_dumb_http)
protocol. Integration with Git's own
[`git-http-backend(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-http-backend) would
be a good addition. Furthermore, I have been planning for a very long
time to set up a [public inbox](https://public-inbox.org/) for issue
tracking and bug reports. Once that is set up, I'll have to link to the
proper addresses from within each Git repository.
All this will be part of a future post. For now, enjoy.
[^1]: The chances of that happening are tremendously low, but
[hope](https://git-send-email.io/) dies last, as they say.
[^2]: To my eternal chagrin, the project with the highest amount of
stars was a hastily thrown-together shell script that fired up a
now-playing notification for mpd...
[^3]: Not even supported yet, but is
[introduced](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/pull/8788) with the
upcoming `1.12.0`.
[^4]: The README [mentions](https://git.zx2c4.com/cgit/tree/README#n52)
libcrypto and libssl, but as far as I can tell these are not needed.
Git switched to [its own](https://github.com/git/git/commit/e6b07da2780f349c29809bd75d3eca6ad3c35d19)
SHA1 implementation a few years back, and libssl may only
[needed](https://github.com/git/git/blob/56219baf1eae50134ee05eaa64e26e7f1207042c/INSTALL#L132)
for `git-imap-send(1)`.
[^5]: Sadly there's no good way to do
[`pledge(2)`](https://man.openbsd.org/pledge.2) nicely on Linux, so those
parts are ignored. And no, I'm
[not](https://github.com/kristapsdz/acme-client-portable/blob/master/Linux-seccomp.md)
[going](https://learnbchs.org/pledge.html)
[to](https://lwn.net/Articles/738694/) pivot to `seccomp(2)`.
[^6]: For now that is just /dev/null.
